Nephrotoxicity – basic aspects
Keywords:
Drug-induced kidney disease, Clinical and phenotypic diagnosis, Preventive actionsAbstract
Drug-induced kidney injury is a frequent adverse event that contributes to morbidity and mortality and increases the need for health care. The real prevalence of nephrotoxicity in clinical practice is unknown because there is no consensus on its definition, and the concepts used to describe renal nephrotoxic injury vary. The adoption of a clinic criteria based on phenotypes can help both in diagnosis and in early detection. Drug-induced kidney disease has a pathogenesis that varies depending on the structure of the drug, the different portions affected in the nephron, and the existence of comorbidities in multiple risk groups. Researches in the search for biomarkers of nephrotoxicity aim to detect renal lesions early, as well as the existence of a genetic predisposition for these events, which will be useful for early detection, identifying susceptible individuals and, probably, reducing the risks for the use of drugs.References
Angamo MT, Chalmers L, Curtain CM, et al. Adverse-Drug-Reaction-Related Hospitalisations in Developed and developing Countries: A Review of Prevalence and Contributing Factors. Drug Safety. 2016; 39:847–857. DOI: 10.1007/s40264-016-0444-7
Roden DA, McLeod H, Relling MV, et al. Pharmacogenomics. Lancet. 2019; 394(10197): 521–532. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31276-0
Perazella MA, Rosner MH. Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury CJASN August 2022, 17 (8) 1220-1233; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.11290821
Awdishu L and Mehta RL. The 6R’s of drug induced nephrotoxicity. BMC Nephrol. 2017; 18: 124.Published online 2017 Apr 3. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0536-3.
Mehta RL, Pascual MT, Soroko S et al. Spectrum of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: the PICARD experience. Kidney Int. 2004;66(4):1613-21. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00927.x.
Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, et al. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA. 2005;294(7):813-8. DOI: 10.1001/jama.294.7.813.
Hoste EA, Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(8):1411-23. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-015-3934-7.
Moffett BS, Goldstein SL. Acute kidney injury and increasing nephrotoxic-medication exposure in noncritically-ill children. Clin J American Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(4):856-63. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.08110910.
Mehta RL, Awdishu L, Davenport A, et al. Phenotype standardization for drug-induced kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2015;88(2):226–34. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.115
Group. KDIGOKAKIW KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney inter. 2012;2:1–138. DOI: 10.1038/kisup.2012.1
Dasgupta A. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral agents Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Data 2020. eBook ISBN: 9780128158500
Ates HC, Roberts JA, Lipman J, et al. On-Site Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.Trends in Biotechnology, 2020;38(11): 1262-1277. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.03.001
Touw DJ, Neef C, Thomson AH, Vinks AA. Cost-effectiveness of therapeutic drug monitoring: a systemic review. Ther Drug Monit. 2005; 27:10–17 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200502000-00004
Kang JS, Lee MH. Overview of therapeutic drug monitoring. Korean J Intern Med. 2009 Mar;24(1):1-10. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2009.24.1.1.
Yılmaz Ç and Özcengiz G. Antibiotics: Pharmacokinetics, toxicity, resistance and multidrug efflux pumps. Biochemical pharmacology, 2017;1;133:43-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.10.005
Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, et al. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA. 2005;294(7):813–8. DOI: 10.1001/jama.294.7.813.
Hoste EA, Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(8):1411–23. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-015-3934-7.
Moffett BS, Goldstein SL. Acute kidney injury and increasing nephrotoxic-medication exposure in noncritically-ill children. Clin J American Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(4):856–63. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.08110910.
Fux CA, Simcock M, Wolbers M, et al. Tenofovir use is associated with a reduction in calculated glomerular filtration rates in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Antivir Ther. 2007;12(8):1165–73. PMID: 18240857.
Labarga P, Barreiro P, Martin-Carbonero L, et al. Kidney tubular abnormalities in the absence of impaired glomerular function in HIV patients treated with tenofovir. Aids. 2009;23(6):689–96. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283262a64.
Uetrechet J, Naisbitt JD. Idiosyncratic Adverse Drug Reactions: Current Concepts. Pharmacol Rev. 2013 Apr; 65(2): 779–808. DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007450.
Schentag JJ, Cerra FB, Plaut ME. Clinical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in 201 critically ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982;21(5):721–6. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.21.5.721.
Klepser DG, Collier DS, Cochran GL. Proton pump inhibitors and acute kidney injury: a nested case–control study. BMC Nephrol. 2013; 14:150(1-7). DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-150.
Antoniou T, Macdonald EM, Hollands S, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of acute kidney injury in older patients: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ Open. 2015;3(2): E166–71. DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20140074.
Blank ML, Parkin L, Paul C, Herbison P. A nationwide nested case–control study indicates an increased risk of acute interstitial nephritis with proton pump inhibitor use. Kidney Int. 2014;86(4):837–44. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.74.
Winter MA, Guhr KN, Berg GM. Impact of various body weights and serum creatinine concentrations on the bias and accuracy of the Cockcroft-Gault equation. Pharmacotherapy. 2012;32(7):604–12. DOI: 10.1002/j.1875-9114.2012.01098.x.
Levey AS, Titan SM, Powe NR, et al. Kidney Disease, Race, and GFR Estimation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020 Aug 7;15(8):1203-1212. doi: 10.2215/CJN.12791019.
Smythe M, Hoffman J, Kizy K, Dmuchowski C. Estimating creatinine clearance in elderly patients with low serum creatinine concentrations. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994;51(2):198–204. PMID: 8160670.
Fu N, Li X, Yang S, et al. Risk score for the prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy in elderly patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Angiology. 2013;64(3):188-94. DOI: 10.1177/0003319712467224.
Gao YM, Li D, Cheng H, Chen YP. Derivation and validation of a risk score for contrast-induced nephropathy after cardiac catheterization in Chinese patients. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2014;8(6):892-8. DOI: 10.1007/s10157-014-0942-9
Mehran R, Aymong ED, Nikolsky E, et al. A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention: development and initial validation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(7):1393–98. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.068
Tziakas D, Chalikias G, Stakos D, et al. Validation of a new risk score to predict contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(9):1487-93. DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.02.004
Tziakas D, Chalikias G, Stakos D, et al. Development of an easily applicable risk score model for contrast-induced nephropathy prediction after percutaneous coronary intervention: a novel approach tailored to current practice. Int J Cardiol. 2013;163(1):46-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.05.079.
Sgura FA, Bertelli L, Monopoli D, et al. Mehran contrast-induced nephropathy risk score predicts short- and long-term clinical outcomes in patients with ST-elevation-myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3(5):491-8. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.110.955310.
Wi J, Ko YG, Shin DH, et al. Prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy with persistent renal dysfunction and adverse long-term outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction using the mehran risk score. Clin Cardiol. 2013;36(1):46-53. DOI: 10.1002/clc.22060.
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN GENOME SEQUENCIN CONSORTIUM - Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409: 860-921, 2001. DOI: 10.1038/35057062.
INTERNATIONAL SNP MAP WORKING GROUP - A map of human genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. Nature 409: 928-33, 2001. DOI: 10.1038/35057149.
Cargill, M. et al. - Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nature Genet 22: 231-8, 1999. DOI: 10.1038/10290
Zaidan M, Lescure FX, Brocheriou I, et al. Tubulointerstitial nephropathies in HIV-infected patients over the past 15 years: a clinico-pathological study. Clin J American Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(6):930–8. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.10051012
Xie H, Chen H, Hu Y, et al. Clindamycin-induced acute kidney injury: large biopsy case series. Am J Nephrol. 2013;38(3):179–83. DOI: 10.1159/000354088.
Bunchman TE, Valentini RP, Gardner J, et al. Treatment of vancomycin overdose using high-efficiency dialysis membranes. Pediatr Nephrol. 1999;13(9):773–4. DOI: 10.1007/s004670050697.
Hwang YJ, Dixon SN, Reiss JP, et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk for acute kidney injury and other adverse outcomes in older adults: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(4):242–8. DOI: 10.7326/M13-2796.
Gandhi S, Fleet JL, Bailey DG, et al. Calcium-channel blocker-clarithromycin drug interactions and acute kidney injury. JAMA. 2013;310(23):2544–53. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.282426.
Beger RD, Sun J, Schnackenberg LK. Metabolomics approaches for discovering biomarkers of drug-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010;243(2):154–66. DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.11.019.
Betton GR, Kenne K, Somers R, Marr A. Protein biomarkers of nephrotoxicity; a review and findings with cyclosporin A, a signal transduction kinase inhibitor and N-phenylanthranilic acid. Cancer biomark. 2005;1(1):59–67. DOI: 10.3233/CBM-2005-1107.
Boudonck KJ, Mitchell MW, Nemet L, et al. Discovery of metabolomics biomarkers for early detection of nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Pathol. 2009;37(3):280–92. DOI: 10.1177/0192623309332992.
Davis JW, Kramer JA. Genomic-based biomarkers of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2006;2(1):95–101. DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.1.95
